Per Capita Income (PCI) is one of the most widely used indicators for gauging the economic performance and changing fortunes of local economies. It is used as a yardstick to assess the economic well being of a region's residents and the quality of consumer markets. It serves as a barometer for calibrating the economic performance of a region over time and to judge differences in relative economic prosperity between regions. Shifting trends in local per capita income growth have important social and political ramifications and significant implications in formulating local economic development strategies and initiatives.

Personal income is measured as a flow throughout the year, while the measurement of population is at one point in mid-year. Therefore, per capita income is distorted if a significant change in population occurs during the year.

For smaller counties in particular, per capita income in any given year may be exceptionally high or low for the short run because of unusual local conditions, such as a bumper crop, a catastrophe, or a major construction project as the building of a dam or nuclear power plant.

Farm incomes are notorious for being especially volatile year-to-year, owing to changing weather, commodity market conditions, and alterations in government programs. Therefore, the per capita income of farm-dependent counties may exhibit sharp fluctuations over time.

The presence of large institutional populations--such as residents attending a local college or the residents of a local prison or state mental institution--can significantly lower the per capita income estimates of an area. Such results may not reflect the relative economic well being of the non-institutional population and may mislead if care is not given to their interpretation.

Figure 1 depicts Alexandria City's annual per capita personal income over 1970-2022 in current and constant (2017) dollars. Constant dollar measurements remove the effects of inflation. They allow for comparison of changes in the real purchasing power of Alexandria City over time.

When measured in current dollars, Alexandria City's per capita personal income increased 1,516.60%, from $6,510 in 1970 to $105,239 in 2022. When measured in constant 2017 dollars to adjust for inflation, it advanced 175.36%, from $32,935 in 1970 to $90,690 in 2022.

Figure 2 tracks Alexandria City's and Virginia's annual real per capita personal income for the period 1969-2022 to illustrate real per capita personal income patterns over time. During this 54-year period, Alexandria City's real per capita personal income rose from $31,862 in 1969 to $90,690 in 2022, for a net gain of $58,828, or 184.63%. In comparison, Virginia's real per capita personal income increased from $20,485 in 1969 to $59,448 in 2022, for a net gain of $38,963, or 190.21%.

Figure 3 shows Alexandria City's real per capita personal income growth in a broader context by offering direct comparisons across time with Virginia, the United States. The growth indices shown here express each region's real per capita personal income in 1969 as a base figure of 100, and the real per capita personal incomes in later years as a percentage of the 1969 base figure. This method allows for more direct comparison of differences in real per capita personal income growth between regions that may differ vastly in size.

Alexandria City's overall real per capita personal income growth was 184.63% over 1969-2022 trailed Virginia's increase of 190.21%, and topped the United States' increase of 171.04%.

Figure 4 portrays the trends for per capita personal income relative to the national average by tracing Alexandria City and Virginia per capita personal income as a percent of the national average over 1969-2022.

In 1969, Alexandria City's per capita personal income amounted to 153.07% of the national average; in 2022, it approximated 160.74%. Similarly, in 1969, Virginia's per capita personal income totaled 98.41% of the national average; in 2022, it consisted of 105.37%.

Figure 5 highlights the short-run pattern of Alexandria City's real per capita personal income growth by tracking the year-to-year percent change over 1970-2022. The average annual percent change for the entire 53-year period is also traced on this chart to provide a benchmark for gauging periods of relative high--and relative low--growth against the backdrop of the long-term average.

On average, Alexandria City's real per capita personal income grew at an annual rate of 2.04% over 1970-2022. The independent city recorded its highest growth in 2021 (9.52%) and recorded its lowest growth in 2013 (-6.75%). In 2022, Alexandria City's real per capita personal income declined by -4.79%

Over the past five decades some independent cities have experienced extreme swings in growth, and often such swings have tended to coincide with the decades themselves. Figure 6 again traces the annual percent change in Alexandria City's real per capita personal income since 1970, but this time they are overlayed with average growth rates for the decade of the 1970s, 1980s, 1990s, 2000s, 2010s, and 2020-2022.

During the 1970s, Alexandria City's annual real per capita personal income growth rate averaged 3.92%. It averaged 1.63% in the 1980s, 2.09% during the 1990s, 1.89% throughout the 2000s, 0.53% throughout the 2010s, 2.41% thus far this decade (2020-2022).

Figure 7 compares the decade average growth rates for Alexandria City noted in the previous graph with the corresponding decade averages for Virginia and the nation. As the chart reveals, Alexandria City's average annual real per capita personal income growth topped Virginia's average throughout the 1970s (3.92% vs. 2.75%), recorded under Virginia's average throughout the 1980s (1.63% vs. 2.75%), topped Virginia's average during the 1990s (2.09% vs. 1.93%), led Virginia's average throughout the 2000s (1.89% vs. 1.58%), amounted to less than Virginia's average in the 2010s (0.53% vs. 1.31%), and recorded above Virginia's average over the 3 year period of the current decade, 2020-2022 (2.41% vs. 1.84%).

Finally, relative to nationwide real per capita personal income growth trends, Alexandria City recorded above the nation in the 1970s (3.92% vs. 2.37%), fell under the nation during the 1980s (1.63% vs. 2.19%), exceeded the nation throughout the 1990s (2.09% vs. 2.01%), outpaced the nation in the 2000s (1.89% vs. 1.10%), posted below the nation over the 2010s (0.53% vs. 1.97%), and exceeded the nation over 2020-2022 (2.41% vs. 1.78%).